New Pentagon report claims China now has over 500 operational nuclear warheads

Spectators wave Chinese flags as military vehicles carrying DF-41 ballistic missiles roll during a parade to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the founding of Communist China in Beijing, Oct. 1, 2019. The latest assessment from the defense department said China had increased its arsenal of operational nuclear warheads from the estimated 400 in 2021 to more than 500 as of May this year. Mark Schiefelbein/AP hide caption

toggle caption Mark Schiefelbein/AP

Spectators wave Chinese flags as military vehicles carrying DF-41 ballistic missiles roll during a parade to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the founding of Communist China in Beijing, Oct. 1, 2019. The latest assessment from the defense department said China had increased its arsenal of operational nuclear warheads from the estimated 400 in 2021 to more than 500 as of May this year.

Mark Schiefelbein/AP

China may be accelerating its efforts to develop a nuclear arsenal, according to , as part of its ongoing efforts to modernize and revamp its fighting forces in order to match American military capabilities.

The latest assessment from the defense department said China had increased its arsenal of operational nuclear warheads from the estimated 400 in 2021 to more than 500 as of May this year.

That figure is still a fraction of the the United States and the Russian Federation say they each possess in their nuclear stockpiles (of which are ready to be launched at any time). The Pentagon estimates that China is aiming for about 1,500 total nuclear warheads in their arsenal by 2035.

its nuclear weapons program, constructing hundreds of nuclear silos across its northwestern region and speeding up its development of new warheads and launchers.

"It is a complete transformation of China's approach to nuclear weapons," says , a professor of political science who specializes in security studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. China has since more than doubled the number of warheads in its arsenal, according to the latest Pentagon report, "confirming that the rapid modernization foreshadowed several years ago is on track," in China, says Fravel.

The Pentagon's annual report on China began in 2000, and despite current hot wars in both Ukraine and now the Middle East, the Pentagon assessment is closely watched as national security concerns on China continue to drive U.S. defense budgets and training priorities.

The report comes after a year of mounting tensions in the Taiwan Strait. China claims the island as its breakaway province and has vowed to take it one day.

how Beijing's military might blockade Taiwan and cut it off from critical energy supplies in the future.

Since the exercises, China's military, the People's Liberation Army or PLA, has also flown more regular sorties of military planes and naval vessels in the airspace and waters around Taiwan.

The Pentagon report noted that "the PLA is preparing for a contingency to unify Taiwan with the PRC by force if perceived as necessary by Beijing," using an acronym for the People's Republic of China.

"We definitely see improvements in their capabilities. Those were demonstrated in certain respects during their response to the then-Speaker Pelosi's visit to Taiwan, to President Tsai's transit of the United States," the senior defense official said, but also noted that the "PRC still perceives that they have some shortcomings that they have yet to fully address."